How alcohol causes cancer - and is particularly lethal to those of Asian descent

Alcohol breaks down in the body to create a chemical that can cause DNA damage leading to cancer, according to the first study to explain how drink may be carcinogenic to humans.
The findings, which have special implications for hundreds of millions of people of Asian descent, come almost 30 years after discovery of a link between alcohol consumption and certain forms of cancer.
Professor Silvia Balbo of the university of Minnesota, who led the study, explained that the human body breaks down, or metabolises, the alcohol in beer, wine and hard liquor.

At particular risk: A bout 30 per cent of people of Asian descent are unable to metabolise alcohol into harmless constituents

One of the substances formed in that breakdown is acetaldehyde, a substance with a chemical backbone that resembles formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen.
Scientists also have known from laboratory experiments that acetaldehyde can cause DNA damage, trigger chromosomal abnormalities in cell cultures and act as an animal carcinogen.
'We now have the first evidence from living human volunteers that acetaldehyde formed after alcohol consumption damages DNA dramatically,' Professor Balbo said.
'Acetaldehyde attaches to DNA in humans ― to the genetic material that makes up genes - in a way that results in the formation of a "DNA adduct".
'It's acetaldehyde that latches onto DNA and interferes with DNA activity in a way linked to an increased risk of cancer.'

 

Professor Balbo pointed out that people have a highly effective natural repair mechanism for correcting the damage from DNA adducts.
Most people thus are unlikely to develop cancer from social drinking, although alcohol is associated with a risk of other health problems and accidents.
In addition, most people have an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase, which quickly converts acetaldehyde to acetate, a relatively harmless substance.
However, about 30 per cent of people of Asian descent ― almost 1.6billion people ― have a variant of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene and are unable to metabolise alcohol to acetate.
That genetic variant results in an elevated risk of oesophageal cancer from alcohol drinking. Native Americans and native Alaskans have a deficiency in the production of that same enzyme.
To test the hypothesis that acetaldehyde causes DNA adducts to form in humans, Balbo and colleagues gave 10 volunteers increasing doses of vodka (comparable to one, two and three drinks) once a week for three weeks.
They found that levels of a key DNA adduct increased up to 100-fold in the subjects' oral cells within hours after each dose, then declined about 24 hours later. Adduct levels in blood cells also rose.
'These findings tell us that alcohol, a lifestyle carcinogen, is metabolized into acetaldehyde in the mouth, and acetaldehyde is forming DNA adducts, which are known major players in carcinogenesis,' said Professor Balbo.
Professor Balbo is a research associate in the laboratory of Professor Stephen Hecht, a noted authority on cancer prevention at the University of Minnesota.
She reported the results of the study today at the 244th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia.